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UV Science Basics

Why Your Phone's Weather App Knows the UV Index

How UV forecasting actually works.

By the numbers

UV intensity rises roughly 4-5% for every 1,000 feet of elevation gain.

UC San Diego's Dr. Y. Linda Liou advises sun protection whenever the UV index is 3 or higher.
What the evidence shows

Frequently asked questions

Is visible light bad for skin?

Visible light makes up about 45% of sunlight. Research shows high-energy visible (blue) light can worsen pigmentation and melasma, especially in medium-to-deep skin tones. Tinted sunscreens containing iron oxides help shield against it, which clear sunscreens generally do not.

How does sunscreen actually work?

Sunscreens use UV filters in two groups. Organic ('chemical') filters such as avobenzone absorb UV and release it as a small amount of heat. Mineral ('physical') filters — zinc oxide and titanium dioxide — mainly absorb UV and also scatter some. Both cut how much UV reaches living skin cells.

What is the difference between UVA and UVB rays?

UVB rays have shorter wavelengths and cause sunburn, affecting mainly the skin's surface; UVA rays penetrate deeper and drive premature aging, wrinkles and pigmentation. About 95% of the UV reaching the ground is UVA. Both damage DNA and contribute to skin cancer, which is why 'broad-spectrum' protection against both matters.

What people are asking

r/SkincareScience: 'Can someone explain UVA vs UVB like I'm five?'

Sources & citations

  • Sklar LR et al., 'Effects of ultraviolet and visible radiation on the skin,' Photochem Photobiol Sci, 2013
  • skincancer.org ↗

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